THE ECIWO THEORY

by Yingqing Zhang
(ECIWO Biology Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China. e-mail: eciwo@sdu.edu.cn)

The following is from Y. Q. Zhang, CHAPTER 2, ECIWO Biology and Medicine (Neimenggu People's Press, Huhehaote, China, 1987).

2.1 The Bio-holographic Law and the pan-embryo Theory

On the basis of the holographic law of the distribution of acupuncture points (see chapter 4),I put forward the bio-holographic law(1-6).A group of acupuncture points in the second the second metacarpal bone system can be used to diagnose and treat diseases in the whole body .The distributive result of the acupuncture points which are relative to the regions of the whole body in physiology and pathology makes the second metacarpal bone system seem to be the epitome or embryo of the whole organism, which contains pathophysiological information of various of the whole body .So. I name the unit such as the second metacarpal bone system ECIWO(the embryo containing the information of the whole organism ).An ECIWO is a relatively independent part in an organism, and it has relatively definite boundary to the regions around it both in structure and function ,and also has a relative integrity both in structure and function inside itself. According to the concept of the ECIWO of the same whole organism respectively.2.Any region in an ECIWO, in contrast with regions in the same ECIWO, is very much similar to the corresponding regions in the same ECIWO, is very much similar to the corresponding regions of the whole body other ECIWO in biological.3.The distributive form of these regions in an ECIWO is the same as that of the corresponding regions in the whole body or in other ECCIWOs.4. In the two ECIWOs whose growth axes are successive, the two poles which are very much similar in biological properties are always located at positions diametrically opposed to each other and the opposite two pole are connected together.

The bio-holographic law explains the morpha of animals and plants in a new way, and been applied to biochemistry, physiology, pathology, genetics, botany, zoology, medicine, agriculture, horticulture and veterinary medicine, etc. .(1-6)

Due to DNA semiconservative replication and mitosis, and somatic cells of an organism have a set of genes which are the same as that of the initial fertilized eggs (in sexual reproduction) or initial cells (in asexual reproduction).

Since a fertilized egg or initial cell, can develop into a new organism, why can' t a somatic cell, which is the replica of egg or initial cell and has the same set of genes, develop into a new organism? There should not de an exception to somatic cells, In fact, the idea I put forward is that all somatic cells are developing toward new organisms.

Somatic cells, whether they are the somatic cells of animals or the cells, of animals or plants, are of the potential capacity of developing into new organisms (totipotency). The totipotency of somatic cells of plants was put forward by G. Haberlandt at the beginning of this century.

By using an individual carrot cell or a small group of the cells, F. C. steward got a new plant by tissue culture in vitro(7). Now for many plants, new pants can be obtained by means of tissue culture of somatic cells in vitro. But not much attention has been paid to the expression of the totipotency of the plant somatic cells living normally in the parental plants under natural conditions.

In the case of animals, although frogs, even rats, can be asexually re-produced by means of nuclear transplantation(a method by which the nuclear of an embryo somatic cell is transplanted into a denucleated egg ) (8),people do not pay much attention to the general pattern of expression of the totipotency of somatic cells in the general body themselves.

I consider that, whether, in the case of animals or plants, the totipotency of somatic cells is not only embodied just under the conditions of tissue culture in vitro, i.e., in the artificial mediums, or in the experiments of the transplantation of cell nucleus, but also reflected in the individual self-organisms under natural growth conditions. We know that the self-organism of animals and plants is the best natural medium. It is because of the autonomous development of somatic cells in such natural medium as the self-organism of plants and animals that makes the ECIWOs show the embryonic property--the epitome of the whole body, and makes the relationship which is revealed by the bio-holographic law exist between ECIWOs and the whole body. So the name, ECIWO, is not only a name in its figural meaning but also a name of practical meaning. Before now, in the study of the ontogeny of the differentiation of somatic cells, but ignored the other side of the question, that is, somatic cells have a self-developmental process toward a new organism in the parent itself; and the self-development process is the main and first important process. The cell differentiation occurs in company with the self-development without. Without the self -development of somatic cells, there would be no cell differentiation.

Since all somatic cell of any parts of an organism have a set of genes which is the same as that of fertilized egg or initial cells, the ECIWO, the embryo at certain developmental stage toward a new organism, doesn't confine itself to the womb of mammals or the seeds of plants or archegonium and it exists in any parts of the organism. ECIWOs exist widely in organisms. I call the theory pan-embryo theory.

In conclusion, the pan-embryo theory can be expressed as follows: An developmental stage toward a new organism; ECIWOs exist widely in an certain developmental stage toward a mew organism which is at a certain developmental stage toward a new organism; ECIWOs exist widely in an organism; any relatively independent part is an ECIWO, which has a relative integrity in structure and function, and has a relatively definite boundary to the parts around it. A real embryo is an ECIWO which can develop into a new organism, and is a special case of ECIWOs.

Whether in the phylogenetic process or in the process of ontogenesis of an organism, the pan-embryonic property of an organism can be definitely of an organism can be definitely revealed by the pattern of ECIWO's developing into a new organism. In this book I will point out the transition linkages between the most distinctive embryonic properties of ECIWOs and those in the most indistinctive form.

2.2 pan-embryonic properties of plants

The pan-embryonic properties of plants have found wide expression in many ways. Our discussion will include the following aspects: vegetative re-production, multi-embryo phenomenon, cell and tissue culture in artificial mediums, tissue culture by using other species of natural plants as mediums, tissue cultre by using other species of natural plants as mediums, tissue culture by using natural parental selt-organism as medium and so on,. The embryo may not necessarily occur only in the period of sexual reproduction. A somatic cell can also develop into an embryo, and can go to the last stage of the development-forming a new plant.

1. Vegetative reproduction We can separate the ECIWO from its main body by means of plant division, cuttage, layering, etc., so that the ECIWO can get rid the restraint of the whole body and continue to develop along the road of its own, and finally become a new complete plant. Many. Many flowers and plants as well as trees can be reproduced in this way.

2. Multi-embryo phenomenon An orange seed, for example, usually has four to five embryos, sometimes even thirteen embryos which can. develop into new organisms. The origin of these multi-embryos may be the somatic cells eggs, such as the embryo sac cells, the nuclear cells or the integument cells. The production of this kind of . embryos does not go through the process of sexual gamete fusion, so it is called apomixis. According to statistics, there are sixty-eight families and two hundred genera which show the multi-embryo phenomenon.

3. Cell and tissue cultures in artificial mediums Now there are many kinds of plants which can develop into new plants from somatic cells, the ECIWOs which are at the lowest developmental degree, in artificial mediums.

4. Tissue culture by using other species of plants mediums I'll cite grafting as an example. Graft scion or bud on the stock, so that such an ECIWO as scion or bud can continue to develop into a new plant .The new plant does not have its own root system, and has the root system of system, and has the root in-stead.

5. Tissue culture by using natural parental self -organism as medium What pan-embryonic is exactly this form of expression of pan-embryonic theory emphasizes is exactly this form of expression of pan-embryonic property and it is the most common and most and most general form of pan-embryonic property in the natural world An ECIWO often develops highly on parental self-organism so it can grow into a new plant.

Brassica pekinensis can develop small plants on the base under the natural store condition. In spring, Solanum pseudo-capsicum can develop new buds on old branches. Each light green new bud on the dark gray old branch can apparently be regarded as a small plant. Fragaria ananassa can be reproduced by stolon. Each small plant is a highly developed ECIW. This kind of ECIWOs are linked to each other by a stole(Figure2.1).

Such ECIWO as the rhizome of Zingiber officinale can also continue to develop into a new plant on the main body. The ECIWOs of Pirola rotundifolia are at different developmental stages . an ECIWO which has developed for one year only several leaves; the ECIWO which has developed for three or four years can reach the stage of flowering (Figure2..2).

The pan-embryonic properties of Chlorophytum capense are apparently expressed. It often puts forth thin and long, pliable and tough drooping branches from stool. On tops or joints it sprouts it sprouts light green leaves and aerial roots; so the ECIWOs in these regions are highly developed and become complete small plants (Figure 2.3).

FIGURE 2.1 Highly developed ECIWOs of Fraguriu unanassa.

FIGURE 2.2 The ECIWOs of Pirola ortundifolia at different stages of development.

FIGURE 2.3 The ECIWOs of Chlorophytum capense have highly developed into new small plants.
 

When we "shorten" the distance between highly developed ECIWOs and the main body, we can also recognize each branch or leaf, the ECIWO at a certain highly developed stage, is a new small plant, because the base of such an ECIWO has its own root system, as is in the case of creeper herbs--Hemiphragma heterophyllum (Figure 2.4)and Ellisiophyllum pinnatum (Figure2.5).

In the case of Portulaca grandiflora whose stems are more straight than stolons, we may still recognize each branch or leaf, the ECIWO at a certain highly developmental stage, is a small plant, because white long soft hairs (Figure2.6).

In the case of P. oleracea which has the closest relation with Portulaca grandiflora and belongs to the same genus, although the modified roots on the base of highly developed ECIWO no longer exist we can also accept the modified roots on the base of highly developed EIWO no longer exist we can also accept the idea that a complete branch , a highly developed ECIW, is a small plant which is growing on the medium of the main body (Figure2.7).

FIGURE 2.4 Each branch of Hemiphragma heterophyllum, the ECIWO at a highly developmental stage, is a new small plant.

FIGURE 2.5 Each of Ellisiophyllum pinnatum, the ECIWO at a highly at a highly developmental stage, is a new small plant.

FIGURE 2.6 The pan-embryoness of Porttulaca grandiflora .

When we see the main stalk completely straight and becoming the main trunk such as Populus alba or Pinus messoniana, we should not be surprised at the idea that each complete branch, the ECIWO at highly developed stage, is a small plant which is growing on the main body .this is just a further development of the slanting-shape main stalk of Portulaca grandiftora. The morpha of these of these complete branches branches' of the straight plant are just like small plants, only without the root system. In the case of Ficus microcarpa, aerial roost can also grow on branches. In the of Pinus massoniana, each complete branch can be apparently regarded as an embryo--a new plant, because the self-development process of each branch will recapitulate the ontogenetic process of the total. This shows the proper-ties of the complete branch in the process of time. The morpha of the newborn small branch of Pinus massoniana is the same as that of the seedling of the complete plant, that is, the coniferous are distributed over the whole branches (Figure 2.8). if the, new-born branch, the ECIWO, continues to develop, several main branching positions will appear on the new-born branch, and the next branching will grow from it. On the parts between the branching positions, the coniferous leaves fall off (Figure 2.9). This is just the same as the later developmental stage of the complete small young Pinun massoniana.

The leaves and fruit of plants are relatively highly developed ECIWOs. Their embryonic properties have already been shown by the character of ECIWOs , that is, leaves or fruit are epitomes of the whole body. It is the embryonic properties of leaves and that make them show the shapes of leaves and fruit which are identical with the main body. For example, the leaves of Plumeria rubra grow together on the top of the branches, and the shapes of the leaves are long-obvoate. In the case of coleus, the leaves on the lower part of the plant are big, while the leaves on the upper part are small, so each leaf is in the shape of an egg .

FIGURE2.7 The pan--embryoness of P. oleracea.

The recognition of the totipotent expression of the plant's somatic cells in the artificial mediums to renew the history of the science of cultivation. For example, several hundred of new plants, even millions of them, can be produced from one plant in laboratories. Our pan-embryo theory has brought to light the most common and general expression of the totipotency of cells under natural conditions. So the tissue culture in the artificial mediums can be regarded as a special case of pan-embryo theory, so the importance of the universal conclusion (pan-embryo theory) can certainly surpass that of tissue culture in artificial mediums, a special case of pan-embryo theory.

2.3 Pan-embryonic Properties of Animals

It seems difficult for us to understand that higher animals such as man have pan-embryonic property. But the various species of existing lower animals can be regarded as the descendants of directly-related ancestors of higher animals at different early stages of evolution. Analyzing the expression of the pan-embryonic properties: of the directly-related ancestors of higher animals, so we can easily understand the reasonableness of the pan-embryonic properties of higher animals.

FIGURE 2.8 The coniferous leaves spread all over the new-born branches of Pinus massoniana. The new-branches are ECIWOs at an early developmental stage.

FIGURE 2.9 The Coniferous leaves of the old branches of pinus massoniana fall off. The old branches are ECIWOs at a highly developed stage.

For many lower animals. The wide-spread ECIWOs which are from somatic cells can continue to develop into new organisms, so pan-embryonic property has its apparent external expression. From Protozoa to Chordate to which human being we can find many species of animals which have the apparent pan-embryonic property. In these animals. ECIWOs can reach the last stage of development and become completely new organisms.

In the case of protozoan. The colonial individuals are made up of many independent ECIWOs. For some colonial Flagellate such as Gonium pectorale and Pandorina morum, individual undifferentiated cells, which are split off from colonial tissues can develop into new colonies. Most species of Spongias are colonial animals. The behaviours, metabolism and the morphosis of the ECIWO in a colony coordiate with each other and are connected with each other by related systems in a certain degree The separated ECIWOs can continue to develop and become a new colonial organism The coelenterates, when at their most highly developed morpha, are also colonial organisms. For freshwater hydra, each individual young one, which develops from the somatic cell of the mother body is an ECIWO with apparent embryonic properties. Such an ECIWO can be recognized as a small individual organism according to its morpha (Figure 2.10)

FIGURE 2.10 The pan-embryonic property of a hydra.

In the case of Goelenterate, the totipotency of somatic cells can have a very strong expression. A several-millimeter-long section cut from the hydrocaulus can develop into a new individual organism. In the case of Octocorallia, the ECIWOs in the colonial organism have already two forms. One is vegetative hydra and the other is medusa. In the case of Platyhelminthes. The turbellarian worms can split up by means of transverse fission. the new individual. Before it splits from the mother's body, can be regarded as a highly developed embryo (Figure 2.11)

The animals of Microstomum lineare usually reproduce by means of asexual transverse fission. The split individuals are not separate, and often connected with each other in a string, sometimes eighteen individuals form a string, in fact, these are high developmental forms of ECIWOs In the parent. The totipotency of the somatic cells of Nemertinea has a very strong expression. Chu cut the ten-centimeter-long worm of Lineus socialis into 100 sections, and every section developed into a complete worm(9). For Annelida, homonomous metamerism is a visible expressive form of pan-embryonic property. Each body segment is a self-reproductive and excretory unit. Some animals of Syllidae are gemmiparous. Sometimes gemmiparies can be observed on the pleural region of the worm body. As a result, fantastic embryonic plexus are formed (Figure 2.12). Here the pan-embryonic property can be seen directly.

FIGURE 2.11 The highly developed ECIWOs of a species of Stenostomum.

Generally speaking, although the animals of Annelida show homonomous metamerism, heteronomous metamerism has already appeared, that is. Pleiomorphism has appeared in ECIWOs Heteronomous metamerism is very typical for Arthropoda. And the ECIWOs usually can not go on developing into a new individual body. But in the case of Bryozoa and Echinodermata, ECIWOs can directly develop into new organisms on the mother body. For Linckia, we can observe the separate ECIWOs, radiant brachiopod, form a complete (9) . in the lower animals Chordate, such as Ascidiacea(Figure 2.13), the ECIWO can also make the pan-embryoness be apparently expressed by means of developing into a new organism on the mother body. The gemmipary of the animals of Ascidiacea can occur in many regions (Figure2.14).

FIGURE 2.12 The pan-embryonic property of Trypanosyllis.

FIGURE 2.13 The pan-embryonic of Clavellina.

FIGURE 2.14 The gemmiparous regions of various of Ascidiacea (the shaded parts in the figure).

Thus, viewing from the phylogenesis, we can see that from protozoan to chordate there exists the development of somatic cells. Meanwhile , the connection between the ECIWOs and the main body is either tight or loose; either temporary or permanent. An ECIWO can body is either develop into a new organism or stop at a certain developmental stage, and it can either be homoeotypic or be heterotypic. The way varies by which ECIWOs are connected with each other and with the whole body. In the case of Annelida, there is the connection of neurohumar between segments, and for Ascidiacea, the highly developed ECIWOs are connected with each other by vessels.

Thus, pan-embryonic property exists in all the descendants of the directly-relates ancestors of higher animals, that is, in the evolutional systematic tree, most of the branches are of pan_ embryonic property. Now that the theory of evolution has won victory, and the evolutionary relationship among specie has been discovered, it is absurd that there doesn't exist pan-embryonic property in higher mammals such as man, a small branch in the evolutional systematic tree. From the point of view of ontogeny, since the ontogeny recapitulates the history of the evolutional process, the early stages of the embryo of the higher animal should be equal to the stage of lower animal ,which is of apparent embryonic property. Since we have already admitted the embryonic property of lower animals, there is no doubt about the fact that there exists pan-embryonic property in the embryonic stage of higher animals is developed from an embryo, we should not be surprised at the fact that there exists embryonic property in the adults of higher animals , too.

2.4 ECIWO: The Universal Structural and Functional Unit of an Organism

In 1665, Robert Hook announced at the R--Society the result of observing cork with a microscope(10) .

This was the first time that the human beings observed a part of the cell the cell walls. But it was not until a century and a half later that people began to recognize cells. And began to know that cells are structural and functional units of plants and animals. In 1808-1809 Mirbel once said that plants were formed by cellulous tissues which had membranes, in 1890, Lamarck also said that any body, if its constitutive parts were not cell tissues or were not cell tissues or were not formed by celluious tissues, would not have a life(11) . in 1883, Schleiden announced that cells were the basic living of all plant structures and the fundamental entity from which all plants could develop. A cell is an independent unit, and because of this , it has two lives: One life belongs to itself, and this is of the first importance, and the other one belongs to the whole organism, and this is of the secondary importance(12) .In 1839, Schwann expanded the cell concept to animals (13) . Now, in front of me appears a situation which is similar to the situation of Hook's discovering cells and Schleiden's recognizing cells in those days, that is the discovery and recognition of the ECIWO-- a new structural and functional unit of organisms.

In view of the setting forth of bio-holographic law and pan-embryo theory as well as many facts about ECIWOs, I have drawn a conclusion as follows: ECIWO is a structural and functional unit of organisms which was not discovered before. Like cells, it also has two lives: one belongs to the ECIWO itself, which is developing toward a new body, the other belongs to the whole organism. An ECIWO has double identities, that, is it is not only a structural unit under the control of the whole organism but also a relatively independent self-developing unit.

ECIWOs can be seen everywhere, for example, a leaf, a long bone and so on. But we have never known the embryoness of these structures, that is, the embryoness that these structural units are at certain stages developing into new organisms. So we pay no attention to the familiar sight that these structural units are ECIWOs. Although we see ECIWOs every bay ,we haven't noticed their existence.

For multicellular organisms, the developmental process during which the fertilized eggs or initial cells develop into new organisms can be represented by the time axis. The starting point of the time axis of development is a sing cell, and the point is an organism(Figure 2.15) .

FIGURE 2.15 The time axis of development.

The ECIWO is a developing unit in an organism at a certain stage of development toward a new organism, and at the same time, it is also a structural unit of an organism. The ECIWO has a relatively definite boundary to the parts around it, also has its internal relative integrity. According to this concept and pan-embryo theory, in the case of multicellular organism, cells are ECIWOs at the lowest developmental stage, that is, at the starting point of the time axis of development, while the organism itself is the ECIWO at the highest stage of development, that is, at the final point of the time axis of development. Thus , a cell and an organism itself are two kinds of special ECIWOs. They are both special cases of ECIWOs .

Other ECIWOs are between the starting point and the final point of the time axis of development (Figure 2.16). an ECIWO can stop its development at the stage of development by a certain point on the time axis, and it can only have simple growth and can't go to the final point of the fine axis of development. This kind of ECIWOs are ordinary ECIWOs. Common embryos are ECIWOs which can go to the final point of the time axis of development, and are special ECIWOs _ the special case of ECIWOs.

FIGURE 2.16 Other ECIWOs except cells and an organism itself between the starting point and the final of the time axis of development.

Thus, in a multicellular organism, the ECIWO has three special cases:
1. The ECWIO at the lowest stage of development-- the cell.
2. The ECIWO at the highest development stage-- the organism itself.
3. the ECIWO which can develop into a new organism-- the embryo.
We call the three kinds of ECIWOs special ECIWOs, and we call other ECIWOs general ECIWOs.
In this book, the word ECIWO refers to general ECIWOs (if without a special illustration).

The ECIWO has fifteen properties as follows:
1. the property of development.
2. the property of diapause.
3.the property of growth.
4. the recapitulation of development.
5.the mosaic of development.
6.the property of regulation.
7.the property of addition .
8.the developmental degree being lower than of a whole organism.
9.the simplification of structure.
10.the property of relative independence.
11.polarity .
12.the hereditary property .
13.variablitty.
14.polyytypism.
15.the variety of connection between among ECIWOs.

The understanding of the structural unit above the cell level of an organism is on the basis of anatomy, so there exist detail divisions of various organs. But, the unity of various parts and organs with different shapes has been neglected . this book reveals the unity between then and it also reveals that there exist universal and functional units above the cell level of an organism biological organisms. As common ECIWOs are above the cell level so the science which studies the life phenomena of ECIWOs, ECIWO biology, has more plentiful contents than the cell theory.

2.5The ECIWO Theory: a Completely New Concept of the Whole Organism

The cell theory was put forward due to the discovery of cells. It is a theory about the unity of the structures of biological organisms. Because of the discovery and understanding of the ECIWO, the new functional unit, I also face the same case as M. Schleiden and T. Schwann who put forward the cell theory in those days. The concept of the whole of the organism needs a new theory, and the ECIWO theory is put forward in this book.

The ECIWO theory is a new concept of the whole of an individual organism.i suggest that an organism consists of ECIWOs which are at different stages of developmental and in varying degrees of specialization. ECIWOs at a higher developmental degrees are made up of ECIWOs at a lower developmental degree an organism is a clone consisting of ECIWOs . in a multicellar organism, a cell is the ECIWO at the lowest degree of development, so the cell theory is a special case of the ECIWO theory.

An organism is a vast system. ECIWOs of which the whole organism is made up belong to different levels respectively. Big and highly developed ECIWOs contain small and lower developed ECIWOs. Levels can be expressed in grades. The main body is the highest developed ECIWOs below the main body are in turn designated as the second grade, the third grade...and the Nth grade from higher to lower, from bigger. To smaller to smaller, the grade of the ECIWO(the smaller the n value ), the higher the developmental degree of the ECIWO. For example , in a plant, the main stalk is the second grade of ECIWO, the secondary branching on the main branching is the third grade of ECIWO, and so on . if the leaf is the n grade, of ECIWO , n+1 grade of ECIWO will be the principal lobe or the leaf region which has the main branching vein at center, n+2 grade of ECIWO if a small segment of which has the secondary branching vein at center, and the last grade of ECIWO is cell.

In the bio-holographic law, a region of an ECIWO is very much similar to the corresponding region of the whole body in biologic properties. This is a relative value-- in contrast with other regions of the ECIWO. Now we introduce an absolute value-- the similarity degree, that is the absolute value of the similarity in biological properties between the corresponding regions. The higher the ECIWO develops, the less the difference between the ECIWO and the whole body will be, and the greater the similarity in biological character between a region of the ECIWO and the corresponding region of the whole organism. If the grade of an ECIWO is one, that, means the ECIWO is a main body, and then it has the greatest similarity to the main. The ECIWOs being at the same grade specialize in the same direction are of the ECIWOs that are at the same grade and have the same function are of a greater similarity, so they are similar to each other in morpha and structure, such as the leaves of a plant, two eyes of a man,, or the left and right humerus long bone systems.

2.6 The properties of the Development, Diapause and Growth of ECIWO

The ECIWO in an adult organism is usually at a certain developmental stage
toward a new organism, and no longer develops, I name the point at which the ECIWO stops developing on the time axis of development diapause point. In the case of higher animals , the diapause point of the ECIWO is usually at the left part of the time axis of development , and the development of the ECIWO usually stops at earlier developmental stages . in the case of lower animals, the diapause point of the ECIWO is usually at the right part of the time axis of development, and the development, and the development of the ECIWO usually stops at a later development, stage . In he case of plants, the diapause point of the ECIWO such as a leaf may be at different stages of the time axis of development, and the diapause point of the ECIWO such as a branch is at the right part of the time axis of development.

The ECIWO has the property of development before it reaches the diapause point, and after it reaches the diapause point it has the property of diapause. When diapause takes place, the ECIWO no longer develops into a more complicated structure, but it will gave a little or great increase in its size and weight, that is, the ECIWO can have the property of simple growth at the diapause point.

In the case of higher animals, the ability to form a new individual has already been confined to the embryo in the womb. When the embryo lives in the mother body, the embryo and the mother body colonial a colonial entirety. This is not different in essence from the colonial organism formed by the gemmation of Ascidiacea except that the embryo's life on the colony is only temporary, after the fetus is born, the colony will disintegrate. Even with the real embryo produced in sexual reproduction, there can be the case mammals, the diapause phenomenon is very common. For example, Martes zibellina mates in summer, later the embryo stops developing at the early stage of germinal vesicle. It is not until the spring of the next year that it continues to develop. The parturition of Martes zibellina is in April. Because of diapause, the fertilization of eggs and the parturition of fetuses are all in the most suitable season. The parturition is in early spring, and the young animal is fed in summer, and it can live independently in autumn. In the case of insects, the diapause is also very common, and it can take place at the embryonic stage, larva stage, pupa stage, imago stage, and so on . They are called the embryonic diapause, larval diapause, pupa diapause and imago diapause respectively. Most of the insects of Locustidae assume embryonic diapause, the spend the winter time in egg shells at the embryonic stage --this is the case of embryonic diapause in Bombyx mori and Japanese tussah silkworm, but the Chinese tussah silkworm assumes pupal diapause. Many other Lepidoptera insects assumes larval diapause, such as Pieris. Anopheles and other mosquitoes assume also imago diapause. Usually diapause takes place in winter, but some of the insects begin their diapause in summer, called aestivation summer diapause can be seen in the larva of Euxoa vellidrsii. After finishing taking food in summer, this kind of larvas go into soil, being in rest, to spend 1.5-2 months there and then become pupas the diapause period varies with the species of insects. Sone are only several weeks. Some are as long as several years the pupal diapause of Agrotis tokionis is as long as four months, and the diapause of Sitodiplosis mosellana is as long as ten months. The time at which the diapause phenomenon takes place is also different, some take place in the same generation and some in an irregular way. In the case of plants. The embryonic diapause in seeds can keep several months, several years, or even thousands of years. In 1951, ancient lotus seeds were discovered in the layers of peat in Paozitun village, Liaoning province, china, it was inferred that the Lotus seeds had a history of about one thousand years. The hard shells outside the ancient lotus seeds were filed then they were in water, and after that they sprout out light green buds soon. In Beijing botanical Garden. The ancient lotus seeds which were planted in 1953 blossomed pink lotus in the summer of 1955 .

Since a real embryo. The special ECIWO, has diapause phenomenon, the diapause in general ECIWOs can be easily understood, the diapause of a general ECIWO is usually for the whole life, that is, until the end of the life of the whole organism or an ECIWO remains at a certain stage of development until the end of the life of the ECIWO.

Although the ECIWO can stop developing at a certain stage, simple growth can also occur, so the size and weight can be greatly increased, the developmental degree of the branches of the xylophytas can not be changed, but its length can increase by dozens of times, even hundreds of times. When the young leaves of Acer truncatum just grow out, they have no difference from the adult big leaves in shape. At this time, the leaves are only 3mm long, but after a few months. The leaves can reach 100 mm long-33times the length of its original. When the young leaves of Platanus acerifolia just grow out, they are only 4 mm in length, but they can reach the length of 400 mm without changing their shapes-100 times the length of its original The leaves of Cucumis melo var. conomon can be 10 mm in length, and they can also reach the length of 460mm without much changing their shapes-46 times the length of its original. When the humerus long bone system of the human body is formed in the embryo at a certain developmental stage, it is only several millimeters long-the length is equal to that of notochord at the neurula period of twenty-eight zoonite (4 mm) man embryo--and it can reach about 300 mm without changing its basic structure-that means the length is nearly 10times the length of the humerus long bone of the early embryo.

2.7 The Recapitulation of ECIWO and the Essence of Main and Collateral Channels of the Body

Since the ECIWO is a functional unit at a certain developmental stage toward a new organism, the ECIWO must have recapitulated the whole process of developing from a zygote or an initial cell to the right developmental stage, the ontogenesis of an organism is also the recapitulation of its phylogenesis. So the developmental process of an ECIWO to the diapause point of the time axis of development also recapitulates the phylogenesis. from the single cell organism to the evolutional stage corresponding to the diapause point this is the recapitulation of ECIWO.

On the time axis of development d of certain organism, suppose point S is the diapause point of a certain ECIWO E, the ECIWO E travels the whole period on the time axis of development d from the starting point B to the diapause point S, that is, it travels the process represented by the line BS. And it also travels the evolution process corresponding to the line BS. On the time axis of development d the line BS Can be regarded as the whole developmental course of the ECIWO (Figure 2.17)

FIGURE 2.17 The developmental course of ECIWOs. B, the starting point of the time axis of development. F, the final point of the time axis of development d. s, the diapause point of the ECIWO.C, fertilized egg or initial call. A adult.

The regeneration of an organ is the rebuilding process of a certain organ -the ECIWO. The ECIWO will complete the developmental course. This is the recapitulation of an ECIWO expressed under the condition of regeneration.

The researchers who are studying the regeneration of Ascidiacea have noticed that the regeneration process of Ascidiacea from the sheet of germule stalk is very much similar to the developmental process of the formation of neuroganglion of Ciona intestiralis of Ascidiacea, the regenerative neuroganglion is formed directly by the ectoderm and doesn't pass the neural tube stage. But in the developmental process of a real embryo, the neural tube is first produced, then partially absorbed, and the remains form ganglions. If the development of the regenerative ECIWO stops at the stage of development earlier than the original diapause point, atavism in the regeneration process will appear. For example, we can observe the phenomenon in the regeneration of a Lizard's part of the tail differs from the remaining part of the organ in having a non-typical structure, forming unsegmental cartilage axis instead of vertebra. The cartilage axis can be ossified, but can not form a typical spinal cord. This shows that the regenerative ECIWO has not reached the stage at which the notochord is replaced by the vertebra, and just stopped at the notochord stage. The abnormality can also be seen in the arrangement of muscles and nerve branching. The scales on the regenerative region have an abnormal structure. This makes many researchers see the property of its ancestor shown by the animal when it regenerates, that is, the process of atavism.

The regenerative process of the Annelida is, much similar to the process of embryonic development, Ivanov believed that regeneration is similar to the process of embryonic development, because the two processes all recapitulate the evolution process, and when it regenerates, the property of the ancestor of the animal will reappear, when Spirographis, an Annulata, regenerates, the sense organ of preoral lobe will be developed. This sense organ doesn't exist in the imago sage or larva stage of Spirographis. It is the special property of promitive hordes-some Errantia animals. Ivanov compared the regenerative process of Spirographis with the ontogenetic process of the annelida larva which is it the same family (because he failed to observe the larva development of Spirographis itself),and he found many similar properties. The further differentiation of all the derivatives on the body segments or walls. The formation of urite as well as the establishment of bristles all repeat the special corresponding process of embryonic development of these parts.

In the case of Vertebrate, there can exist developmental stages of cleavage, blastula, gastrula and neurula an the time axis of development d, and these stages can become the diapause points of ECIWOs in varying developmental degree respectively.

ECIWOs such as man's long bone systems certainly have repeated the developmental stage in the complete developmental process of the parental body themselves. The notochord is the structure at the neurula stage of the embryo of man and other vertebrates, and it is the primitive axis skeleton existing from the head to the tail of the neurula (Figure 2.18).

The development of every long bone system, such as the humerus bone system stops at the stage which corresponds to the neurula stage. The ECIWO grows because of its growth property under the condition of diapause, the length of notochord in the ECIWO can increase by almost 100 times because of is growth property, and has been intensified, so it has become a long bone . The long bone is the notochord which has grown up. This conclusion can be accepted by people although it far beyond the common knowledge of them. For one thing, in the preceding paragraph, we have already discussed the growth property of the ECIWO on the condition of diapause, and we do not doubt the ability if the notochord to increase its size, and we are no longer surprised at the fact that a several-millimeter-long notochord in the embryonic period can reach the length of 300 mm, for another, we have a lot of facts which support our conclusion, that is, if the species to which the whole individual organism belongs is lower than the Chordate in evolution, (that is, the notochord doesn't appear in the ontogency of the whole individual organism), the notochord will not exist in the ECIWO, so the inner skeleton will not exist in the ECIWO either. Such inner skeleton as the long bones only exists in the Chordate because it was only after the evolution stage of Branchiostoma belcheri of Cephalochordata that the animal have the notochord, the primitive axis skeleton from the head to the tail in adult or embryo, so there can exist the grown-up notochord in the ECIWO. In addition, the position of the notochord in the neurula is at the back of the embryo, and the long bones in the long bone systems are also at the back (Figure 2.19). the position of notochord in the cross section of the neurula is similar to the position of long bones in the cross section of long bone systems, that is, in the back side of the cross section (Figure 2.20).

When I discovered the bio-holographic acupuncture point groups in the second metacarpal bone system (see Chapter 4), I considered at once that the long bone system taking the second metacarpal bone as an axis is an ECIWO unit. It is through the study of the head to the tail of the ECIWO, that I revealed the fact that the second metacarpal long bone system is the ECIWO which is at the neurula developmental stage. Thus, we have explained the fact that there exist long bones in the long bone systems of the human body, which can be seen everywhere but were not really explained before.

FIGURE 2.20 The similarity of the positions of notochord in an embryo and a long bone in a long bone system. Left: the cross section of an embryo. Right the cross section of a long bone system.

Now, let's concentrate on the longitudinal structures at the neurala stage in Figure 2.18: neural tube, notochord, archenteron, body segment and so on. The characters of these longitudinal structures are the continuation of the cell population which is very similar in biological properties. In the ECIWO of a certain long bone system, such as the humerus system, the notochord has already developed into the long bone that is the axis from the head to the tail of the system, while other longitudinal structures have developed into the other existing longitudinal structures, such as the main vessel, nerve trunk, striated muscle and so on. The trunk is also an ECIWO, which is highly developed and from which many internal organs have already split up from it. However, this ECIWO is also developed from the neurula which has longitudinal structures, and great changes as well as cell migration as the archenteron action haven't taken place in the whole structures. Since the longitudinal strings exist in the neurula period, they also exist in the trunk of an adult. These longitudinal strings are the maps of tracks of the longitudinal organs which are made up of the continuity of the cell population which is very similar in biological properties at neurula stage. These longitudinal strings which have very similar biological property can also have the visible expression in the appearance of adult animals, that is, the longitudinal striations. The animal of Rhacophorus
leucomystax usually has four black longitudinal striations on the back of the body. The male animal of Rana spinosa has the longitudinal verrucaes on the back. The animal of Felis bengalensis has four brown longitudinal striations from the head to the shoulder. The animals of Panthera pardus, Giraffa camelopardalis, Cervus mippoin, Panthera unia, Pathera tigris and Viverra zibetha all have more than ten longitudinal strings made up of spots or points in a longitudinal arrangement on the trunk (Figure 2.21).

FIGURE 2.21 The longitudinal strings arranged in spots or points on the trunk of Viverra zibetha.

The more outstanding examples are Tapirus indicus, Tapirus terrestris and Tapirus bairdi. Their young animals trunks all have the longitudinal striations (Figure 2.22 and 2.23) these longitudinal striations are actually the main and collateral channel system of animals which can be seen in the appearance.

The expression of this kind of longitudinal strings on the human body is the main and collateral channel system which was discovered 2500 years ago by the Chinese medical science (Figure 2.24).

FIGURE2.22 The longitudinal striations on the trunk of the young Tapirus indicus.

FIGURE2.23 The longitudinal striations on the trunk of the young Tapirus terrestris.

FIGURE 2.24 The map of the main and collateral channel system of man observed from the front (from Jizhou Yang: Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, 1601).

According to the theory mentioned above, the main and collateral channel system is the maps of tracks of longitudinal organs or structures which are made up of cell populations which are very similar in biological properties at the stage of neurula of the human body, or we can say that the main and collateral channel system is the maps of organformed areas of the human body. With regard to the present conditions of the main and collateral channel system in contrast with the regions beyond the main and collateral channel system, such a certain system is the continuity of the cell populations whose biological properties are very much similar. So the essence of the main and collateral channel system has been illustrated in the cause and status quo of the system. Under some conditions, the main and collateral channel system can also have its outward appearance on the skin of the human body. It has been found that red threads, rash and other skin diseases sometimes appear along the main and collateral channels. But the most common and the great amount of expression of the main and collateral channel system is the conduction along the channels, such as the sensation of soreness and numbness, swelling and weight brought about by acupuncturing points. Not many biophysical phenomena along the channel system have been surveyed by using many modern scientific main and collateral channel system-the maps of the organformed areas of the human body.

2.8 The Mosaic Property of ECIWO and the Mechanism of the Bio-holographic Law

The ECIWO which can develop into a new organism- the real embryo-is of being mosaic. This kind of property exists at the different stages of development of an embryo. So a common ECIWO which is at a certain stage of development toward a new organism also has the property of being mosaic. The property of being mosaic of common ECIWOs refers to the following meanings: If an ECIWO can develop into a new organism, a certain part in the ECIWO can definitely develop into the corresponding part of the new organism. So there are maps of the organforming areas in the ECIWO. The organs of the future new organism is just like the organs mosaicked previously on the corresponding parts of the ECIWO. The development of the ECIWO before the diapause point at the time axis of development is mosaic. The ECIWO whose development stops at the diapause point also has this kind of mosaic. Whether in the special ECIWO (an embryo) or in the common ECIWO, the regulation can be expressed only under the abnormal conditions, for example, the ECIWO is cut or injured, but the mosaic is the property expressed by ECIWOs under normal conditions, regulation refers property expressed by ECIWOs under normal conditions, regulation refers to the ability to regulate itself by the ECIWO under special conditions, while mosaic refers to the properties being expressed by the ECIWO under normal conditions. All ECIWOs have the property of being mosaic in a certain degree.

In a real embryo, the organs of the future new organism all have their definite positions preciously, so the embryo has the property of being mosaic in a certain degree. Embryology has already studied as well as drawn the distributive maps of the organforming areas of embryos. The egg of sea urchin has a pigment band which is made up of many red particles. The pigment band is divided into two at the first cleavage, and it always remains in relatively the same position as the animal pole and the vegetative pole during the process of cleavage. As the stage of 8 cells, the pigment band also can be seen, but it is cut apart in the next four cells of the plant hemi-sphere.

In the later blastula, the pigment band still exists in the same position just under the equator of the blastula. At last we see that the pigment band fixes its position in the intestine tube of pluteus (Figure 2.25(17)).

After widely studying the egg of sea urchin, we are very clear about what regions of the egg will develop into the corresponding regions of the pluteus. Each region of the pluteus has a clear fixed position in the egg (Figure 2.26(17)).

The maps of the organforming areas of the egg of sea urchin are similar to that of a blastula, but it is different from that of a gastrula as well as the embryos at later stages of development. This is because at the gastrula stage such a cell migration as the archenteron-forming action makes the maps of the organforming areas complicated.

The maps of the organforming areas of eggs and embryos of the amphibian has already been discussed in detail. Different regions of the fertilized eggs were stained with different of the region of intravital staining was traced to define which region of the egg would develop into the corresponding region of the embryo. The gray crescent of the amphibian egg under normal development would develop into head endoderm (Figure 2.27(17)).

FIGURE 2.25 The fate of the pigment band of sea urchin in the embryo at different stages of development.

Figure 2.26 The maps of the organforming areas of the sea urchin egg and the embryos at different stages of development. Divide the content of the egg from the animal pole to the vegetative pole into several layers, and mark them in turn with---,--- The fates of these layers are definite in the future embryos at different stages.

FIGURE 2.27 The fate of the gray crescent under normal development. Left: The gray crescent is marked in blur. Here it is represented by a black square. Middle: The gray crescent can not be seen at the later stage of development (gastrula), but the blue marks still exist and can be found in the upper part of dorsal lip. Right: The further developed embryo, the blue marks are in the head endoderm.

Different regions of the earlier gastrula were stained with different colors and traced in what place of the coloured regions would appear. By using this method the maps of the organforming areas of the earlier gastrula were drawn (Figure 2.28(17)). Staining region a above the dorsal lip with Nile blue sulfate, we would find the blue color in the front end of the intestine of the late embryo. So we could know that region a formed the head endoderm. By using the same method we could know that region b would form the notochord, region c the nerve system, region g the skin surface of the back side, regions h and I the back side and front side of the intestine respectively.

It is quite clear that each region of the embryo at the later stage of development will develop into the corresponding region of the adult respectively. The maps of the organforming areas of the neurula and the embryo at the later stage of development are similar to the distributed maps of the organs in the future organism. The neurula and the later embryo can be regarded as the epitome of the future organism, because after the developmental stage of neurula, there is no such great cell migration as the archenteron-forming action. For example, a 6.7mm human embryo of 34 days is the epitome of an adult (Figure 2.29). Similarly, a somatic cell, the ECIWO at the lowest developmental stage, and a common ECIWO

FIGURE 2.28 The fate of different regions of gastrula in the developmental process. Left: the outline of the earlier gastrular. The dorsal lip was taken as the starting point, each region was dyed counter-clockwise from a to I successively. Right: Embryo at a certain stage, where the different structures could be clearly identified. The fate of each dyed area of the original gastrula was shown.

FIGURE 2.29 The side-view of 6.7mm human embryo (about 34 days).

At different developmental stages toward a new organism also have such kind of maps of the organforming areas. Studying the fertilized eggs and the maps of the organforming areas at different embryonic stages is the wonderful part of animal embryology. I think that studying the somatic cells and the maps of the organforming areas of common ECIWOs will also be a wonderful part in the ECIWO embryology (the science of studying the development of ECIWOs).

In the holographic law of the distribution of the acupuncture points when I name the holographic acupuncture points of each long bone system (see chapter 4), I name them after the regions or organs in the whole body to which the holographic acupuncture points correspond. This, in fact, gives the map of the distribution of acupuncture points double meanings: One aspect is that it has drawn the holographic maps of the distribution of the whole organism or other ECIWOs in the biological properties. The other aspect is it has drawn the maps of the organforming areas of the ECIWO.

Each long bone system of the human body is a highly developed ECIWO. Such ECIWO has already passed the developmental stage of gastrula, and is at the stage of neurula. As illustrated above, the long bone of each system comes from the growth and strengthening of the notochord of the neurula. After the developmental stage of neurula the massive cell migration such as the archenteron-forming action will no longer appear. So each region of the future organism is distributed in the ECIWO in an epitome form. If the ECIWO is at a very low developmental stage, such as a cell or an ECIWO at the blastula stage, there will exist a gastrula stage at which a massive cell migration between the ECIWO and the future organism occurs, and this will make the maps of the organforming areas complicated. So in the ECIWO at the stages of cleavage, morula, and blastula, it is not possible for each region of the future organism to be corresponding to the region of the ECIWO in an epitome form. For example, iris is an ECIWO at the blastula stage. The division of the iris responding area by means of iris diagnosis being used in the Western countries and China is, in fact, a map of organforming areas of the ECIWO of the iris at the later blanstula stage.

In the case of plants, there is no such migration as the archenteron-forming action, so every region of the future organism basically corresponds to the region of the ECIWO in an epitome form. The maps of the organforming areas of the plant ECIWO is basically the epitome of the whole organism. For example, the zygote of Lactuca sativa transversely cracks into two cells. After that, the end cell ca splits into two, and the basal cell cb transversely splits into two (Figure 2.30 A-C). In the four-cell-stage embryo, ci will form the radicle, m will form the plumular axis, and ca will form the catyledon and the stalk end in the future. It can be said as the maps of the organforming areas like an epitome of an organism. During the next stage, each cell of the four cells split one time, the end line has four cells q the middle line m has two cells n and n'(Figure 2.30, D). In the next stage, the four cells in q line split into eight cells, the two cells in m line split vertically, and produce four cells-above the eight cells of q, n is split by a vertical wall, n' is cut into o and p by a horizontal wall (Figure 2.30, E-G). Cell p produces the embryonic stem, cell o produces rot cap and the root dermatogen, cell n produces other parts of the root point, cell m forms the plumular axis region, and q forms the catyledon nd the stalk end. So the maps of the organforming areas of the embryo at the F and G$stage are also basically an epitome of the whole organism. In other examples, after the transverse cleavage of the zygote into two cells, one of the basal cells only plays a small part or doesn't play any parts at all in the process of the later development of the embryo, and it can be regarded as at the two-cell stage, and each cell is an ECIWO which has a different fate. The basal cell can mainly develop into the embryonic stem, and its main function is to transport substances, and does not join in the morphosis of the new organism, while the end cells can basically develop into a new organism. A more typical case is the embryonic development of Sagina procumbens. The basal cell no longer splits, and does not take part in the later development of the embryo, neither does it form any parts of the embryo(19). As for the later period of the embryonic development of plant or the seedling stage, the future maps of the organforming areas of the ECIWO is no doubt the epitome of the future organism.

FIGURE 2.30 The development of the embryo of Lactuca sativa((18)).

In a real embryo, the ECIWO which can develop into a new organism, a certain part of the embryo and the corresponding part of the new organism are identical. For example, eyes are developed from the optic vesicles, but it is not developed from the cardiac prominence. So, relative to the cardiac prominence, the biological properties of the optic vesicle of the embryo are more similar to that of the eyes of the future new organism. Generally speaking, every part of the maps of the organforming areas of the ECIWO is identical with the corresponding part of the future organism: te latter one is developed from the former one, and is not developed from other regions. So, in contrast with other regions, a certain region of the maps of the organism respectively. One region of the ECIWO, in contrast with other regions, is very much similar in biological properties to the corresponding region of the future organism. In the ECIWO of an animal which is at the stage higher than gastrula or in the ECIWO of plants, the law of distribution of each region in the ECIWO is the same as than of its relative region in the future new organism. And the future new organism is the duplica of the existing organism. As the same time, other ECIWOs also have such relations with the future new organism, that is, the existing organism. So there exists the law revealed by the bio-holographic law between one ECIWO and the whole body of an organism, and between one ECIWO another's. But the third point in the expression of the bio-holographic law should be restricted to the following points: 1. Every region of the ECIWO has the corresponding region in the organism or other regions of the same ECIWO, is very much similar to the contrast with other regions of the same ECIWO. 2. One region in the ECIWO, in contrast with other regions of the same ECIWO, is very much similar to the corresponding region of the whole organism or other ECIWOs in biological properties. 3. In the ECIWO of an animal which is at higher than gastrula stage or in an ECIWO of plants, the law of distribution of each region in the ECIWO is the same as that of its corresponding region in the whole organism or in other ECIWOs. 4. In two ECIWOs whose growth axis are continued, the two ends whose biological properties are the most similar are always in the farthest positions apart from each other, so that the opposite two poles are always connected to each other. For the ECIWOs whose growth axis are parallel to each other, the polarities are always the same.

To sum up, the mechanism or cause of the bio-holographic law is as follows:
1. An ECIWO is a self-development unit with the mosaic-type development.
2. The ECIWO has the maps of the organforming area including all of the organs and regions of the future or existing whole organism.
3. In the ECIWO of an animal which is at higher than gastrula stage or in the ECIWO of plants, the future maps of the organforming areas of the ECIWO are basically the epitomes of the whole organism.
4. One part of the maps of the organforming areas of the ECIWO, in contrast with other parts, has greater similarity in biological properties to the region of te came name in the maps of the organ-forming areas of other ECIWOs or the whole organism.

The mechanism of the bio-holographic law may be realized as follows: Since an organism is a clone consisting of ECIWOs, the biological properties of the regions of the same name of two members of the clone are more similar than those without the same name.

According to the mechanism of the bio-holographic law, we can now give the bio-holographic law a more essential and concise expression as follows: In an organism, the biological properties between the regions of the same name in the maps of the organforming areas of two ECIWOs are more similar than other regions. The expression can be applicable to the relation between ECIWOs and the whole body, because the organism itself is an ECIWO, too thus the bio-holographic law discovers the corresponding relation between a general ECIWO and the whole body. This expression is of universality. It is suitable not only for the ECIWO of animals at higher stage than gastrula and plants but also for the ECIWO at any developmental stages, including the ECIWOs at the developmental stage of single cell, morula, and blastula. The expression also shows that the ECIWO contains the information concerning the biological properties of every part of a whole organism because the parts of the same name have greater similarity in biological property, and the maps of the organforming areas of the ECIWO correspond to all of the organs and regions of the whole organism.

The holographic law of the distribution of the acupuncture points is the expression of the bio-holographic law on the human body, and it presents the maps of the organforming areas of the ECIWO at a higher developmental stage. According to the mechanism of the bio-holographic law, one region of the maps of the organforming areas of any highly developed ECIWO of the human body is very similar in biological property to the developed ECIWO of the human body is very similar in biological property to the corresponding region of the whole body and other highly developed ECIWOs. So the essence of the acupuncture point which follows the holographic law of the distribution of the acupuncture points is that, in contrast with the non-corresponding regions, the acupuncture point is the cell population which is very similar in biological properties to the corresponding regions. The essence of the main and collateral channel system has already been illustrated in the above section, that is, a certain main and collateral channel system, in contrast with the regions beyond the system, is the continuity if cell population whose biological properties are very similar. So the essence of the acupuncture points which follow the law of the main and collateral channel system is that, in contrast with the regions beyond the system, the acupuncture points are cell populations which are very similar in biological properties to the regions of the same main and collateral channel system. The acupuncture points can reflect diseases or be used to treat the disease at the region in the same main and collateral channel system. So we call the regions in the same system the corresponding regions of the acupuncture points. Thus, the essence of the acupuncture points which follow the law of the main and collateral channel system is the same as that of the acupuncture points which follow the holographic law of he distribution of the acupuncture points, so the essence of the acupuncture points has an integrated expression: In contrast with the non-corresponding regions, the acupuncture points are cell populations which are very similar in biological properties to the corresponding regions. This is the essence of the acupuncture points.

2.9 The Exterior Expressions of the Embryonic Properties of ECIWO in Biochemistry, Pathology, Physiology, Genetics and Morphology

The fact that the highly developed embryo can be recognized as a small organism is the important expression of the embryoness of the embryo. Similarly. This is the outward expression of the embryonic properties of the ECIWO. This kind of embryonic properties of ECIWO has found expression in biochemistry, physiology, properties of ECIWO has found expression in biochemistry, physiology, pathology, genetics and morphology. Many facts about this I have already illustrated in the paper Bio-holographic Law and in the book The Three Laws of the Structure of Organisms(5). Here just cite a few examples so that the readers can know roughly something about the outward expression of the embryoness of the ECIWO. If taking a look at the morphors of animals and plants on the basis of the ECIWO theory and the bio-holographic law, you would be very surprised at them as if it was the first time that you had seen them.

An ECIWO at a highly developed stage can be shown as a small organism in the properties of biochemistry. For example, the distribution of the content of cyanic acid in Sorghum vulgare shows that a leaf is an ECIWO at a highly developed stage, that is, a small organism. The distributive form of cyanic acid in a leaf is similar to that in a whole plant, the leaves on the upper part of it contain more cyanic acid, and the leaves on the lower part of it contain less, and it is true of a leaf (Table 2.1).

TABLE 2.1 The distributive form of cyanic acid in a leaf of Sorghum vulgare is similar to that of the whole plant
_______________________________________________________________________________
The specific value of the Leaves on the upper part Leaves on the lower part
Contents of cyanic acid in
the whole plant 18.6 7.3

The specific value of the The upper part of the leaf The whiplash of the leaf
contents of cyanic acid in
different parts of a same leaf 18.6 3.6
_____________________________________________________________________________

In Camelia sinensis, the content of caffeine in the upper tender stalks is more than that in lower older stalks, and in a highly developed ECIWO, a complete branch, the content of caffeine in the upper leaves is also more than that in the lower leaves (Table 2.2).

TABLE 2.2 The distributive form of caffeine in a complete branch of Camellia sinensis is similar to that in different parts of the whole plant.
_______________________________________________________________________________
The content of caffeine The tender stalks in upper part The older stalks in lower part
in the stalks of different
parts of whole plant (%) 2.15 0.83

The content of caffeine The upper leaf (the first leaf) The lower leaf(the fourth leaf)
in the stalks of different
parts of whole plant (%) 3.58 2.57
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In the character of pathology and physiology, the holographic law of the distribution of acupuncture points and the bio-holographic diagnosis and therapy have already shown the embryonic properties of each long bone system-the ECIWOs at highly developed stage.

In plants, I can cite an example, Gossypium. The rate of premature dropping of cotton bolls gradually decreases, from the upper part to the lower part of the whole plant. On a highly developed ECIWO, a branch, the rate of premature dropping of cotton bolls also gradually decreases, from the upper part to the lower part of the whole branch (Table 2.3). On a whole cotton plant, the lower part blossoms first, and the upper part blossoms later. On each highly developed ECIWO, the main branches, the same order of blossom has been shown, so it has shown that each main branch is a small organism(Figure 2.31).

TABLE 2.3 The distributive form of the parts of different rate of premature dropping of cotton bolls in a complete cotton branch is similar to that of the whole plant
______________________________________________________________________________
The rate of premature Upper part Middle part the lower part
dropping of cotton (11th-15th branches) (6th-10th branches) (lst-5th branches)
bolls of different parts
of fruit spurs of a 64.3 60.6 49.5
whole plant(%)

The rate of premature Upper part Middle part the lower part
dropping of cotton (fifth fruit segment) (third fruit segment) (first fruit segment)
bolls of different segment
of fruit spurs (%) 95.6 80.0 67.2
_______________________________________________________________________________

In hereditary properties, a certain region of a highly developed ECIWO has the same hereditary properties as the corresponding regions, which follow the bio-holographic law, in the whole organism. For example, potatoes bear stem tubers on the lower part of the whole plant. The character of bearing stem tubers is strongly expressed on the lower part of the whole plant, in other words, the character of bearing stem tuber has strong hereditary potency on the lower part of the whole plant. So for an ECIWO such as stem tuber, the character of bearing stem tuber should also have strong hereditary potence on the lower part (that is, the far end from the basal stem). According to my experiment in 1978, I planted the upper part of the stem tubers of the potatoes and the lower part of them separately, then I found that by using the lower parts for vegetative reproduction the output of the stem tubers is 28% higher than the output by using the upper parts (p<0.05)(Table 2.4).

FIGURE 2.31 The blossom order of the cotton shows that each main branching is a small organism.

TABLE 2.4 The comparison of the yields (in kg) by using different parts of the stem tubers of potato for vegetative reproduction (7 groups of experiments)
____________________________________________________________________________
The comparison groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ratio P value

Using the lower part of 1.35 0.95 1.35 0.75 1.07 1.00 2.25 1.28 p<0.05
the stem tubers for
vegetative reproduction

Using the upper part of 1.20 0.55 1.03 0.95 0.58 0.63 1.90 1
the stem tubers for
vegetative reproduction
______________________________________________________________________________

Zea mays bears seeds on the middle lower part of the whole plant. According to the bio-holographic law, the middle lower part of a complete ear, the highly developed ECIWO, corresponds to the middle lower part of the complete plant, and it has a strong hereditary potence for the character of bearing seeds. According to my experiment, using the grains of the lower part of the ear s seeds will increase the output by 35.4% than using the grains in the upper part of the ear as seeds. (p<0.01)(Table2.5).

TABLE 2.5 The comparison of yields of using the grains of different parts of maize ear as seeds
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The parts from Groups of experiment Average The yield increased
from which value as compared
seeds were with the first area
taken 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Area 1 2.2 2.7 5.9 5.9 1.6 3.8 5.9 4.5 5.0 1.5 3.88 0
Area 2 2.5 5.0 4.9 5.2 2.4 3.4 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.4 4.39 12.94
Area 3 3.7 4.6 6.5 5.7 3.7 6.8 6.1 6.0 6.1 4.2 5.26 35.47
Area 4 4.5 5.1 5.5 6.9 2.8 2.4 5.2 6.6 5.2 3.3 4.80 23.59
A maize ear is divided equally into 4 parts from top to bottom, each part is referred to as n area
Every datum in the table is the total sum of the output of ten plants of each area.
The weight is the wet weight of the grains with ear axis kg.

In morphology, the nature, at all times, is revealing the embryoness of organism by the fact that the highly developed ECIWOs, such as leaves, fruit, branches, are very much similar to the whole organism in morphor. For example, a seeding of Dendranthema morifolium has three big leaves, and each leaf has three principal lobes (Figure 2.32). This has already revealed that each leaf is a small plant growing on the main self-organism, the natural medium.

FIGURE 2.32 Each seeding of Dendranthema morifolinm has three big leaves. Each leaf is a small plant growing on the main organism, and has three principal lobes.

Another example, Equus zebra has 11 stripes on the trunk, and on each highly developed ECIWO, such as head, neck, tail, the two main long bone systems of each foreleg and the two of each hind leg also exist 11 stripes. Thus, from the number of the stripes, we can see that each highly developed ECIWO is a small main body (Figure 2.33).

EIGURE 2.33 The number of stripes of each highly developed ECIWO of Equus zebra (head neck the big long bone systems of forelegs, and the big long bone systems of hind legs) is roughly the same, that is, H stripes.

Charles Darwin did not explain the mechanism of correlative variations. According to the ECIWO theory, the mechanism has been unraveled. An organism is a clone consisting of ECIWOs. If variations of genes of the common ancestor (zygote ) of the clone occur and then the variations of a highly developed ECIWOs are shown, certainly, the variations of other highly developed ECIWOs has a variation, the regions of the same name in other highly developed ECIWOs will, of course, have correlative variations. We may take the correlative variations of the beak and the feet of a bird as an example. The head of a bird is a highly developed ECIWO, and the beak is in the foot region of the map of the organforming areas of the head. See Chapters 4 and 7. Therefore the beak is correlated to the feet of the whole organism that is the most highly developed ECIWO. So the beak and feet are correlatively variational organs. If the beak is yellow, the feet will be yellow too, as is the case of chicks; and if the beak is red, the feet will be red too, as is the case of Alectoris graeca pubescens, etc.

2.10 References
1. Zhang, Yingqing, Nature Journal 4 (1981) 243.
2. Zhang, Yingqing, Journal of the Dialectics of Nature (1981) 55.
3. Zhang, Yingqing, The Journal of Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medical Science and Herbs, 6(1983) 46.
4. Zhang, Yingqing, Potential Science Journal, 2 (1980) 50.
5. Zhang, Yingqing, The Three Laws of Organism Structure, Neimenggu People's Press (1982).
6. Zhang, Yingqing, Holographic Biology Research, Shandong University Press (1985).
7. Steward, F. c., Endeavor, 29 (1970) 117.
8. McKinnell, R. G., Cloning, University of Minnesota Press (1979).
9. Worontsova, M. A, et al., Translated by Li Yan, Asexual Reproduction and Regeneration, Science Press (1963) 192,52,59,62.
10. Hooke, R., Micrographia (1665). Facsimile edition published by R. T. R. T. Cunther in Early Science in Oxford, X111: The life and work of Robert Hooke (part V). Oxford University Press (1938).
11. Conklin, E. G., Cell and protoplasm concept. In: The Cell and Protoplasm. Am. A. advencement Sc., (1940)1.
12. Mason, S. F., A History of the Sciences, Collier Books, New York (1962).
13. Schwann, T., Microseopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants, Sydenham Society, Sydenham Society, London (1847).
14. Worontsova, M. A., et al., Translated by Li Yan, Asexual Reproduction and Regeneration, Science Press (1963) 325,252.
15. Lvanov, P. P., Regenerative Processes of multibristly Worm and Their Attitude Toward Ontogenesis and Morphology of Annelids. St. Petersburg(1912).
16. Ivanov, P. P., Regeneration and Onlogenesis of Polychaeta. Zoologteal News 4.2 (1946).
17. Barth, I. G., Embryology. The Dryden Press. Inc., New York (1953)Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 6.2, 6.3.
18. Jones, H. A., Pollination and Life History Studies of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Hilgardia. 2(1927) 425-442.
19. Soueges, E. C. R., Developpement de I'embryon Chezde Sagina procunbens, L., Bul. Soc. Bot. De France, 71(1924) 590-614.

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